Study Outline for Chapter 3 Federalism - 1301 Words

Sï » ¿tudy Outline Chapter 3: Federalism I. Governmental structure A. Federalism: good or bad? A.1. Definition: political system with local governmental units, in addition to national one, that can make final decisions A.2. Examples of federal governments: Canada, India, and Germany A.3. Examples of unitary governments: France, Great Britain, and Italy A.4. Special protection of subnational governments in federal system is the result of: A.4.a. Constitution of country A.4.b. Habits, preferences, and dispositions of citizens A.4.c. Distribution of political power in society A.5. National government largely does not govern individuals directly but gets states to do so in keeping with national policy A.6. Negative views: block†¦show more content†¦Conditions of aid tell a state government what it must do to obtain grant money A.3.b. Mandates tell state governments what to do, in some instances even when they do not receive grant money B. B. Mandates B.1. Most concern civil rights and environmental protection B.2. Administrative and financial problems often result B.3. Growth in mandates, 1981 to 1991 B.4. Features of mandates B.4.a. Regulatory statutes and amendments of previous legislation B.4.b. New areas of federal involvement B.4.c. Considerable variation in clarity, administration, and costs B.5. 1Additional costs imposed on the states through: B.5.a. Federal tax and regulatory schemes B.5.b. Federal laws exposing states to financial liability B.6. 6. Federal courts have fueled the growth of mandates B.6.a. Interpretations of the Tenth Amendment have eased flow of mandates B.6.b. Court orders and prisons, school desegregation, busing, hiring practices, police brutality C. Conditions of aid C.1. Received by states voluntarily, in theory C.1.a. Financial dependence blurs the theory C.1.b. b. Civil rights generally the focus of most important conditions in the 1960s, a proliferation has continued since the 1970s C.1.c. c. 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Fluke, or, I Know Why the Winged Whale Sings Chapter 27~28 Free Essays

CHAPTER TWENTY-SEVEN The Found World The whale ship opened its mouth, and Nate and the crew spilled out onto the shore like sentient drool, which was some coincidence, since that’s exactly what lay beneath the hard shell of the landing. They were met by a group of whaley boys, one of whom handed Nate a pair of Nikes, then went off to trade clicks and squeals and greeting rubs with the returning crew. It was so bright after nearly ten days in the whale ship that Nate couldn’t immediately tell what was happening. We will write a custom essay sample on Fluke, or, I Know Why the Winged Whale Sings Chapter 27~28 or any similar topic only for you Order Now The rest of the human crew were wearing sunglasses as they sat down on the ground to put on their shoes, only a few feet from the ship’s mouth. From the rigid feel of the ground, Nate thought they might be on a dock of some kind, but then Cal Burdick took off his own sunglasses and handed them to Nate. â€Å"Go ahead. I’ve been looking at all of this for a lot of years, but I think you’ll find it interesting.† With the dark glasses, Nate was able to see. His eyes were fine, but his mind was having a hard time processing what they were telling him. It was as light as daylight (on an overcast day, at least), but they were not outdoors. They were inside a grotto so immense that Nate could not even make out the edges of it. A dozen stadiums could have fit inside the space and still left room for a state fair, a casino, and the Vatican if you snipped off a basilica or two. The entire ceiling was a source of light, cold light, it appeared – some sections yellow, some blue – great blotches of light in irregular shapes, as if Jackson Pollock had painted a solar storm across the ceiling. Half of the grotto was water, flat and reflective as a mirror, the smoothness broken by small whaley boys porpoising here and there in groups of five and six, their blowholes sending up synchronized blasts of steam every few yards. Whaley kids, he thought. Fifty or so whale ships of different spec ies pulled up to the shore, their crews coming and going. Huge segmented pipes that looked like giant earthworms were attached to each of the ships, one on each side of the head, and ran off to connections on shore. The ground – the ground was red, and as hard as linoleum, polished, yet not quite shiny. It ran out for hundreds of yards, perhaps over a mile, and appeared to continue halfway up the walls of the immense grotto. Nate could see openings in the walls, oval passages or doorways or tunnels or something. From the size of the people and whaley boys passing in and out, he could tell that some of the openings were perhaps thirty feet around, while others seemed only the size of normal doors. There were windows next to some of the smaller ones – or what he guessed were windows – their shapes all curves and slopes. There wasn’t a right angle in the grotto. Hundreds of people moved about amid as many whaley boys, maintaining the ships, moving supp lies and equipment on what seemed very normal hand trucks and carts. â€Å"Where in the hell are we?† Nate said, nearly wrenching his neck trying to look at all of it at once. â€Å"I mean, what in the hell is this?† â€Å"Pretty amazing,† Cal said. â€Å"I like to watch people when they see Gooville for the first time.† Nate ran his hand over the ground, or floor, or whatever this surface was they were sitting on. â€Å"What is this stuff?† It appeared smooth, but it had texture, pores, a hidden roughness, like stoneware or – â€Å"It’s living carapace. Like a lobster shell. This whole place is living, Nate. Everything – the ceiling, the floor, the walls, the passageway in from the sea, our homes – it’s all one huge organism. We call it the Goo.† â€Å"The Goo. Then this is Gooville?† â€Å"Yes,† Cal said, with a big smile that revealed perfect teeth. â€Å"And that would make you?† â€Å"That’s right. The Goos. There’s a wonderful Seussian logic to it, don’t you think?† â€Å"I can’t think, Cal. You know how all your life you hear people talk about things that are mind-boggling? It’s just a meaningless clich – a hyperbole – like saying that you’re wasted or that something is bloodcurdling?† â€Å"Yep.† â€Å"Well, I’m boggled. I’m totally boggled.† â€Å"You thought the ships were impressive, huh?† â€Å"Yeah, but this? One living organism shaped itself into this complex†¦ what? System? I’m boggled.† â€Å"Imagine how the bacteria who live in your intestinal tract feel about you.† â€Å"Well, right now I think they’re pissed off at me.† A group of whaley boys was gathering about ten yards away from them, pointing at Nate and snickering. â€Å"They’re coming down to check out the newcomer. Don’t be surprised if you get rubbed up against in the streets. They’re just saying hi.† â€Å"Streets?† â€Å"We call them streets. They’re sort of streets.† Now, out of the dim yellow light of the whale ships, Nate realized that there was a wide variety in the whaley boys’ coloring. Some were actually mottled blue, like the skin of a blue whale, while others were black like a pilot whale, or light gray like a minke whale. Some even had the black-on-white coloring of killers and Pacific white-sided dolphins, while a few here and there were stark white like a beluga. The body shapes of all were very similar, differing only in size, with the killer whaley boys, who were taller by a foot and heavier by perhaps a hundred pounds, having jaws twice the width of the others’. He also noticed in the brighter light that he was the only human who had a tan. The people, even Cal and the crew, looked healthy; it just appeared that none of them had ever seen the sun. Like the British. Nuà ±ez came over and helped Cal, and then Nate, to his feet. â€Å"How’re the shoes?† she asked Nate. â€Å"They’re strange after not wearing any for so long.† â€Å"You’ll be wobbly for a few hours, too. You’ll feel the motion when you stand still for a day or so. No different from having been at sea in normal ship. I’ll take you to your new quarters, show you around a little, get you settled in. The Colonel will probably send for you before too long. People will help you out, humans and whaley boys. They’ll all know you’re new.† â€Å"How many, Cielle?† â€Å"Humans? Almost five thousand live here. Whaley boys, maybe half that many.† â€Å"Where is here? Where are we?† â€Å"I told him about Gooville,† said Cal. Nuà ±ez looked up at Nate and then pulled her sunglasses down on her nose so he could see her eyes. â€Å"Don’t freak out on me, huh?† Nate shook his head. What did she think, that whatever she was going to tell him was going to be weirder, grander, or scarier than what he’d seen already? â€Å"The roof above this ceiling – which is thick rock, although we’re not exactly sure how thick – anyway, it’s around six hundred feet below the surface of the Pacific Ocean. We’re about two hundred miles off the coast of Chile, under the continental shelf. In fact, we came in through a cliff in the continental rise, a cliff face. â€Å"We’re six hundred feet underwater right now. The pressure?† â€Å"We came in through a very long tunnel, a series of pressure locks that pass the ships along until we’re at surface pressure. I would have shown you as we came through, but I didn’t want to wake you.† â€Å"Yeah, thanks for that.† â€Å"Let’s get you to your new house. We’ve got a long walk ahead of us.† She headed away from the water, motioning for him to follow. Nate nearly stumbled trying to look back at the whale ships lining the harbor. Tim caught him by the arm. â€Å"It’s a lot to take in. People really have freaked out. You just have to accept that the Goo won’t let anything bad happen to you. The rest is simply a series of surprises. Like life.† Nate looked into the younger man’s dark eyes to see if there was any irony showing there, but he was as open and sincere as a bowl of milk. â€Å"The Goo will take care of me?† â€Å"That’s right,† said Tim, helping him along toward the grotto wall, toward the actual village of Gooville, with its organically shaped doorways and windows, its knobs and nodules, its lobster-shell pathways, its whaley-boy pods working together or playing in the water, where was housed an entire village of what Nate assumed were all happy human wackjobs. After two days of looking for meaning in hash marks on waveforms and ones and ohs on legal pads that were hastily typed into the machine, Kona found a surfer/hacker on the North Shore named Lolo who agreed to write it all into a Linux routine in exchange for Kona’s old long board and a half ounce of the dankest nugs[1]. â€Å"Won’t he just take cash?† asked Clay. â€Å"He’s an artist,† explained Kona. â€Å"Everyone has cash.† â€Å"I don’t know what I’m going to put that under for the accountant.† â€Å"Nugs, dank?† Clay looked forlornly at the legal-pad pages piling up on the desk next to where Margaret Painborne was typing. He handed a roll of bills over to Kona. â€Å"Go. Buy nugs. Bring him back. Bring back my change.† â€Å"I’m throwing in my board for the cause,† said Kona. â€Å"I could use some time in the mystic myself.† â€Å"Do you want me to tell Auntie Clair that you tried to extort me?† Clay had taken to using Clair as a sort of sword of Damocles/assistant principal/evil dominatrix threat over Kona, and it seemed to work swimmingly. â€Å"Must blaze, brah. Cool runnings.† Suddenly something sparked in Clay’s head, a dj vu trigger snapping electric with connections. â€Å"Wait, Kona.† The surfer paused in the doorway, turned. â€Å"The first day you came here, the day that Nate sent you to the lab to get the film – did you actually do it?† Kona shook his head, â€Å"Nah, boss, the Snowy Biscuit see me going. She say keep the money and she go to the lab. When I come back with my ganja, she give me the pictures to give to Nate.† â€Å"I was sort of afraid of that,† Clay said. â€Å"Go, blaze, be gone. Get what we need.† So three days later they all stood watching as Lolo hit the return key and the subsonic waveform from a blue-whale call began scrolling across the bottom of the screen, while above it letters were transcribed from the data. Lolo was a year older than Kona, a Japanese-American burned nut brown by the sun with ducky-yellow minidreads and a tapestry of Maori tattoos across his back and shoulders. Lolo spun in the chair to face them. â€Å"I mixed down a fifty-minute trance track with sixty percussion loops that was way harder than this.† Lolo’s prior forays into sound processing had been as a computer DJ at a dance club in Honolulu. â€Å"It’s not saying anything,† said Libby Quinn. â€Å"It’s just random, Clay.† â€Å"Well, that’s the way it’s gone so far, right?† â€Å"But there’s been nothing since that first day.† â€Å"We knew that might happen, that there couldn’t be messages on all of them. We just have to find the right ones.† Libby’s eyes were pleading. â€Å"Clay, it’s a short season. We have to get out in the field. Now that you have this program, you don’t need the manpower. Margaret and I will bring back more tapes – we have them coming in from people we trust – but we can’t afford to blow off the season.† â€Å"And we need to go public with the torpedo range,† Margaret added, less sympathetic than Libby had been. Clay nodded and looked at his bare feet against the hardwood floor. He took a deep breath, and when he looked up, he smiled. â€Å"You’re right. But don’t just blow a whistle and hope someone will notice. Cliff Hyland told me that the diving data was the only thing they were worried about. You’re going to need proof that humpbacks dive close to the bottom of the channel, or the navy will claim that you’re just being whale buggers and there’s no danger to the animals. Even with the range.† â€Å"You’re okay if we go public, then?† asked Libby. â€Å"People are going to know about the torpedo range soon enough. I don’t think that’s dangerous for you. Just don’t say anything about the rest of this, okay?† The two women looked at each other, then nodded. â€Å"We have to go,† Libby said. â€Å"We’ll call you, Clay. We’re not running out on you.† â€Å"I know,† Clay said. After they left, Clay turned to the two surfers. Thirty years working with the best scientists and divers in the world, and this was what it came down to: two stoner kids. â€Å"If you guys need to go do things, I understand.† â€Å"Outta here,† said Lolo, on his feet and bounding toward the door. Clay looked at the screen where Lolo had been sitting. Scrolling across it: WILL ARRIVE GV APPRX 1300 MONDAY__HAVE__SIZE 11 SNEAKERS WAITING FOR QUINN__END MSS__AAAA__BAXYXABUDAB. â€Å"Get him back,† Clay said to Kona. â€Å"We need to know which tape this was.† â€Å"Libby gave them all to him.† â€Å"I know that. I need to know where she got it. Where and when it was recorded. Call Libby’s cell phone. See if you can get hold of her.† Clay was trying to make the screen print before the message scrolled away. â€Å"How the hell does this thing work?† â€Å"How you know I’m not leaving?† â€Å"You woke up this morning, Kona. Did you have a reason to get out of bed other than waves or pot?† â€Å"Yah, mon, need to find Nate.† â€Å"How’d that feel?† â€Å"I’m calling Libby, boss.† â€Å"Loyalty is important, son. I’ll go catch Lolo. Confirm which tape it was.† â€Å"Shut up, boss. I’m trying to dial.† Behind them the cryptic message scrolled out of the printer. CHAPTER TWENTY-EIGHT Single-Celled Animal Stockholm syndrome or not, Nate was starting to get tired of the whole hippie-commune, everything-is-wonderful-and-the-Goo-will-provide attitude. Nuà ±ez had come by for three days running to take him out on the town, and every person he met was just a little too damn satisfied with the whole idea that they were living inside a giant organism six hundred feet under the ocean. Like this was a normal thing. Like he just wasn’t getting with the program because he continued to ask questions. At least the whaley boys would blow wet raspberries at him and snicker as he walked by. At least they had some sense of the absurdity of all this, despite the fact that they shouldn’t even have existed in the first place, which did seem to be a large point of denial on their part. They’d installed him in what he guessed was a premier apartment, or what you’d call an apartment, on the second floor, looking out over the grotto. The windows were oval, and the glass in them, although perfectly clear, was flexible. It was like looking out on the world through a condom, and that was just the beginning of the things that creeped him out about this place. He had a kitchen sink, a bathroom sink, and a shower – all of which had big honking sphincters in the bottom of them – and the seal on the door around his refrigerator, if that’s what you called it, appeared to be made out of slugs, or at least something that left an iridescent slime on you if you brushed up against it. There was also a toothed garbage disposal in the kitchen, which he wouldn’t even go near. The worst of it was that the apartment didn’t make any attempt to conceal that it was alive. His first day there, when the human crew from the whale ship had come by for a drink – a housewarming – there had been a scaly knob on the wall by the front door that when pushed would cause the door to open. After the crew left and Nate returned from his shower, the doorknob had healed over. There was a scar there in the shell, but that was all. Nate was locked in. There was a tom-tom thrumming of stones hitting his front picture window. Nate went to the window, looked out on the vast grotto and harbor, then down on the source of his torment. A pod of whaley-boy kids was winging stones at his window. Thump, thump-a, thump. The stones bounced off, leaving no mark. When Nate appeared at the window, the thumping became more furious, as the whaley kids picked up the pace and aimed right at him, as if a well-placed shot might drop him in a dunking tank. â€Å"There’s a reason cetaceans don’t have hands in the real world!† Nate screamed at them. â€Å"You are that reason! You little freaks!† Thump, thump-a, thump, thump, clack. Occasionally a missed throw hit the shell-like frame of the window, sounding like a marble hitting tile. I sound like Old Man Spangler yelling at my brother and me for raiding his apple trees, Nate thought. When did I turn into that guy? I don’t want to be that guy. There was a soft knock on the shell of his front door. As he turned, the door flipped open like shutters, two pieces of shell retracting on muscles hidden in the wall. Nate felt like a surprised box turtle. Cielle Nuà ±ez stood in the doorway with canvas shopping bags folded under her arm. She was a pleasant woman, attractive, competent, and non-threatening; Nate was sure that’s why she’d been chosen to be his guide. â€Å"You ready to do some shopping, Nate? I called to tell you I was coming, but you didn’t answer.† The apartment had a speaking apparatus, a sort of ornate tube thing that whistled and buzzed green metallic beetle wings when there was a call. Nate was afraid of it. â€Å"Cielle, can we drop any pretense that we are just buddies out for the day? You lock me in here when you leave.† â€Å"For your own safety.† â€Å"Somehow that always seems to be the argument the jailer uses.† â€Å"You want to go get some food and clothes or not?† Nate shrugged and followed her out the door. They walked along the perimeter of the grotto, which seemed a cross between an old English village and an Art Nouveau hobbit housing project: irregularly shaped doors and windows looking into shops that displayed baked goods and other prepared foods. Evidently the Goo wasn’t big on having fire around for home cooking. All the cooked foods were prepared somewhere else in the complex. There was a warming cabinet in Nate’s apartment that looked like a breadbox made out of a giant armadillo shell. It worked great. You rolled the top open, put the food in, then promptly lost your appetite. â€Å"Let’s get you something to wear today,† Cielle said. â€Å"Those khakis are on loan. Only the whale-ship crews are supposed to wear them.† As they walked, a half dozen whaley kids followed them, chirping and giggling all the way. â€Å"So I’d get in trouble if I started kicking whaley kids down the street?† â€Å"Of course,† Cielle laughed. â€Å"We have laws here, just like anywhere else.† â€Å"Evidently not ones that forbid kidnapping and unjustified imprisonment.† Nuà ±ez stopped and grabbed his arm. â€Å"Look, what are you complaining about? This is a good place to be. You’re not being mistreated. Everyone’s been kind to you. What’s the problem?† â€Å"What’s the problem? The problem is that all you people were yanked out of your lives, taken away from your families and friends, taken from everything that you knew, and you all act like it doesn’t bother you in the least. Well, it bothers me, Cielle. It fucking bothers me a lot. And I don’t understand this whole colony, or city, or whatever this thing is. How does it even exist without anyone knowing about it? In all these years, why has no one gotten out and spoiled the secret of this place?† â€Å"I told you, we were all going to drown –  » â€Å"Bullshit. I don’t buy that for a second. That gratitude toward your rescuer only lasts for a short while. I’ve seen it. It doesn’t take over your life. Everyone I’ve met is blissed out. You people worship the Goo, don’t you?† â€Å"Nate, you don’t want to be locked in, you won’t be locked in. You can have the run of Gooville – go anywhere you want. There’s hundreds of miles of passages. Some of them even I haven’t seen. Go. Leave the grotto and go down any one of those passages. But you know what? You’ll be back looking for your apartment tonight. You are not a prisoner, you’re just living in a different place and a different way.† â€Å"You didn’t answer my question.† â€Å"The Goo is the source, Nate. You’ll see. The Colonel – ; â€Å"Fuck the Colonel. The Colonel is a fucking myth.† â€Å"Should we get some coffee? You seem grumpy.† â€Å"Damn it, Cielle, my caffeine headache is not relevant.† Actually it was, sort of. He hadn’t had any coffee today. â€Å"Besides, how do I know it’s coffee we’re drinking? It’s probably some mutant sea otter/coffee bean hybrid beverage.† â€Å"Is that what you want?† â€Å"No, that’s not what I want. What I want is a doorknob. And not an organic nodule thing – I want a dead doorknob. One that always has been dead, too. Not something that you used to be friends with.† Cielle Nuà ±ez had backed away from him several feet, and the whaley kids who’d been following them had quieted down and gone into a defensive pod formation, the big kids on the outside. People who were out walking, and who normally made a point of nodding and smiling as they passed, took a wide detour around Nate. There was an inordinate amount of whistling among the milling whaley boys. â€Å"That going to do it for you?† Nu;ez asked. â€Å"A doorknob. I get you a doorknob, you’re a happy man?† Why should he be embarrassed? Because he’d scared the kids? Because he’d made his captors uncomfortable? Nevertheless, he was embarrassed. â€Å"I could use some earplugs, too, if you have them. For sleeping.† For ten hours out of twenty-four, the grotto went dark. Cielle explained that this was for the comfort of the humans, to help them keep some semblance of their normal circadian rhythms. People needed day and night – without the change many people couldn’t sleep. The problem was, the whaley boys didn’t sleep. They rested, but they didn’t sleep. So when the grotto went dark, they went on about their business. In the dark, however, they were all constantly emitting sonar clicks. At night the grotto sounded like it was being marched upon by an army of tap dancers. Consequently, so did Nate’s apartment. Nu;ez nodded. â€Å"We can probably do that. You want to go get a steaming hot cup of sea otter now?† â€Å"What?† â€Å"I’m just kidding. Lighten up, Nate.† â€Å"I want to go home.† He’d said it before he even realized it. â€Å"That’s not going to happen. But I’ll send word. I think it’s time you met with the Colonel.† They spent the day going to shops. Nate found some cotton slacks that fitted him, some socks and underwear, and a pile of T-shirts from one tiny shop. There was no currency exchanged. Nuà ±ez would just nod to the shopkeeper, and Nate would take what he needed. There was little variety in any of the shops, and most of what they carried was goods from the real world: clothes, fabric, books, razor blades, shoes, and small electronics. But a few shops carried items that appeared to have been grown or made right there in Gooville: toothbrushes, soaps, lotions. All the packaging seemed to come out of the seventeenth century – the shopkeepers wrapped parcels in a ubiquitous oilcloth that Nate thought smelled vaguely of seaweed and indeed had the same olive color as giant kelp. Patrons brought their own jars to carry oils, pickles, and other soft goods. Nate had seen everything from a modern mayonnaise jar to hand-thrown crockery that had to have been made a hundred years ago. â€Å"How long, Cielle?† he asked as he watched a shopkeeper count sugared dates into a hand-blown glass jar and seal it with wax. â€Å"How long have people been down here?† She followed his gaze to the jar. â€Å"We get a lot of the surface goods from shipwrecks, so don’t be impressed if you see antiques; the sea is a good preserver. We may have salvaged it only a week ago. A friend of mine keeps potatoes in a Grecian wine amphora that’s two thousand years old.† â€Å"Yeah, and I’m using the Holy Grail to catch my spare change. How long?† â€Å"You are so hostile today. I don’t know how long, Nate. A long time.† He had dozens, hundreds more questions, like where the hell did they get potatoes when they didn’t have sunlight to grow anything? They weren’t bringing potatoes up from a shipwreck. But Cielle was letting him get only so far before claiming ignorance. They had lunch at a four-stool lunch counter where the proprietor was a striking Irishwoman with stunning green eyes and a massive spill of red hair and who, like everyone, it seemed, knew Cielle and knew who Nate was. â€Å"Got you a Walkman then, Dr. Quinn? Whaley boys will drive you to drink with that sonar at night.† â€Å"We’re going to get him some earplugs today, Brennan,† Cielle said. â€Å"Music, that’s the way to wash the whaley-boy whistles,† the woman said. Then she was off to her kitchen. The walls of the cafe were decorated with a collection of antique beer trays, glued in place, as Nate had learned, with an adhesive that was similar to what barnacles secreted to fasten themselves to ships. Nailing things up was frowned upon, as the walls would bleed for a while if injured. Nate took a bite of his sandwich, meatballs and mozzarella on good crusty French bread. â€Å"How?† he asked Cielle, blowing crumbs on the counter. â€Å"How does any of this stuff get made if there’s no flame?† Cielle shrugged. â€Å"No idea. A bakery, I’d guess. They make all the prepared food outside the grotto. I’ve never been there.† â€Å"You don’t know how? How can that be?† Cielle Nuà ±ez put down her own sandwich and leaned on one elbow, smiling at Nate. She had remarkably kind eyes, and Nate had to remind himself that she had been ordered to be his friend. Interesting, he thought, that they’d choose a woman. Was she bait? â€Å"You ever read A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court, Nate?† â€Å"Of course, everybody does.† â€Å"And that guy goes back to Camelot from the late nineteenth century and dazzles everyone with his scientific knowledge, mainly because he can make gunpowder, right?† â€Å"Yes, so?† â€Å"You’re a scientist, so you might do better than most, but take your average citizen, a guy who works at a discount store, say. Drop him in the twelfth century, you know what he’ll achieve?† â€Å"Make your point?† â€Å"Death by bacterial infection, more than likely. And the last words on his lips will probably be, ‘There’s such a thing as an antibiotic, really. My point is, I don’t know how this stuff is made because I haven’t needed to know. Nobody knows how to make the things they use. I suppose I could find out and get back to you, but I promise you I’m not holding out on you just to be mysterious. We do a lot of salvage on the whale ships, and we have a trade network into the real world that gets us a lot of our goods. When a freighter leaves pallets of goods for the people on remote islands in the Pacific, all they know is that they’ve been paid and they’ve delivered to shore. They don’t stay to see who takes the goods away. The old-timers say that it used to be that the Goo provided everything. Nothing came in from the outside that wasn’t on their backs when they got here.† Nate took a bite of his sandwich and nodded as if considering what she’d just said. Since he’d arrived in Gooville, he had spent every waking moment thinking about two things: one, how this whole place could possibly function; and two, how to get out of it. The Goo had to get energy from somewhere. The energy to light the huge grotto alone would require tens of millions of calories. If it got energy from outside, maybe you could use that same pathway to get out. â€Å"So do you guys feed it? The Goo?† â€Å"No.† â€Å"Well, then-â€Å" â€Å"Don’t know, Nate. I just don’t know. How does dry-cleaning work?† â€Å"Well, I assume that they use solvents, that, uh – Look, biologists don’t have a lot of stuff that needs to be dry-cleaned. I’m sure it’s not that complicated a process.† â€Å"Yeah, well, right back at you on all of your questions about the Goo.† Cielle stood and gathered up her parcels. â€Å"Let’s go, Nate. I’m taking you back to your apartment. Then I’m going right to the whaley-boy den and find out if they can get the Colonel to see you. Today.† Nate still had a couple bites of his sandwich left. â€Å"Hey, I’ve still got a couple of bites of my sandwich left,† he said. â€Å"Really? Well, did you ask yourself where in Gooville we got meatballs? What sort of meat might be in them?† Nate dropped his sandwich. â€Å"Bit of the whining wussy boy, aren’t we?† said Brennan as she came out of the kitchen to take away their plates. Nate was reading a cheesy lawyer novel that he’d found in the small library in his apartment when the whaley boys came for him. There were three of them, two large males with killer-whale coloring and a smaller female blue. Only when the blue squeaked â€Å"Hi Nate† in a mashed-elf voice did he recognize it as Emily 7. â€Å"Wow, hi, Emily. Is just Emily okay, or should I always say the Seven?† Nate always felt awkward with someone afterward, even if there wasn’t anything for the ward to be after. She crossed her arms over her chest and bugged out her left eye at him. â€Å"Okay,† Nate said, moving on, â€Å"I guess we’ll be going, then. Did you see my new doorknob? Brand-new. Stainless steel. I realize it doesn’t go with everything else, but, you know, it feels a little like freedom.† Right, Nate. It’s a doorknob, he thought. They led him around the perimeter of the grotto, beyond the village, and into one of the huge passageways that led away from the grotto. They walked for half an hour, tracing a labyrinth of passageways that got narrower and narrower the farther off they went, the bright red lobster-shell surface fading into something that looked like mother-of-pearl the deeper in they went. It glowed faintly, just enough so they could see where they were going. Finally the passageway started to broaden again and open into a large room that looked like some sort of oval amphitheater, all of it pearlescent and providing its own light. Benches lined the walls around the room, all in view of a wide ramp that led to a round portal the size of a garage door, closed now with an iris of black shell. â€Å"Ooooh, the great and powerful Oz will see you now,† Nate said. The whaley boys, who normally found practically anything funny, just looked away. One of the black-and-whites started whistling a soft tune from his blowhole. â€Å"In the Hall of the Mountain King† or a Streisand tune – something creepy, Nate thought. Emily 7 backhanded the whistler in the chest, and he stopped abruptly. Then she put her hand on Nate’s shoulder and gestured for him to go up the steps to the round portal. â€Å"Okay, I guess this is it.† Nate started backing up the ramp as the whaley boys started backing away from him. â€Å"You guys better not leave me, because I’ll never find my way back.† Emily 7 grinned, that lovely hack-a-salmon-in-half smile of hers, and waved him on. â€Å"Thanks, Em. You look good, you know. Did I mention? Shiny.† He hoped shiny was good. The iris opened behind him, and the whaley boys fell to their knees and touched their lower jaws to the floor. Nate turned to see that the pearlescent ramp led into a vibrant red chamber that was pulsing with light and glistening with moisture as the walls appeared to breathe. Now, this looked like a living thing – the inside of a living thing. Really much more what he’d expected to see when the whale had eaten him. He made his way forward. A few steps in, the ramp melded into the reddish flesh, which Nate could now see was shot through with blood vessels and what might be nerves. He couldn’t get the size of the space he was in. It just seemed to expand to receive him and contract behind him, as if a bubble were moving along with him inside it. When the iris disappeared into the pink Goo, Nate felt a wave of panic go through him. He took a deep breath – damp, fecund air – and strangely enough he remembered what Poynter and Poe had told him bac k on the humpback ship: It’s easier if you just accept that you’re already dead. He took another deep breath and ventured forward a few more feet, then stopped. â€Å"I feel like a friggin’ sperm in here!† he yelled. What the hell, he was dead anyway. â€Å"I’m supposed to have a meeting with the Colonel.† On cue, the Goo began to open in front of him, like the view of a flower opening from the inside. A brighter light illuminated the newly opened chamber, now just large enough to house Nate, another person, and about ten feet of conversational distance. Reclining in a great pink mass of goo, dressed in tropical safari wear and a San Francisco Giants baseball hat, was the Colonel. â€Å"Nathan Quinn, good to see you. It’s been a long time,† he said. How to cite Fluke, or, I Know Why the Winged Whale Sings Chapter 27~28, Essay examples

Sex Trafficking And Labor Trafficking Essay Example For Students

Sex Trafficking And Labor Trafficking Essay â€Å"The U.S. Congress defined and classified human trafficking into two categories sex trafficking and labor trafficking the TVPA. As stated previously, sex trafficking involves the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for the purpose of a commercial sex act in which a commercial sex act is induced by force, fraud, or coercion, or in which the person forced to perform such an act is younger than age 18. A commercial sex act means any sex act on account of which anything of value is given to or received by any person. Types of sex trafficking include prostitution, pornography, stripping, live-sex shows, mail-order brides, military prostitution, and sex tourism,† (Clawson, 2009). The demand in the sex trade is formed by two different things: the male demand and the money made. â€Å"The male demand for sexual services sustains the profitability of the sex trade as a multi billion dollar industry,† (Kara, 2009). This is something that is crucial in understanding why the sex trade functions. Since the current state of rehabilitation for former trafficked females has been ineffective, legislation and programs need to be developed to be more effective. The sex trade industry is extremely complicated and it is crucial to be able to understand that supply and demand are a key to understanding how the sex trade functions. To be put in economic terms, it is supply and demand. An economic analysis explained it this way, â€Å"certain market forces create a demand for a product; other market forces create supply to meet that demand† (Kara, 2009). Within the sex trafficking industry it is important to understand that there is a difference between sex trafficking and prostitution, although they both exemplify extr. .ries overseas, helping to find the victims of exploitation. They work to put together resources in both physical and spiritual ways to bring healing and restoration. They work to find education and job training opportunities, all of these resources created by people who are seeking after Jesus and who in a specific way want to have an outlet and resources for these former victims to turn to and ways to get help. It is their main desire to work to get these victims help and to empower and equip them with the skills needed to move forward with their lives and to truly find healing from all the hardships and wounds they have acquired (Hope 3). Then in turn there is the solution, the solution to this problem that has been going on for thousands of years. The problem of women being looked at like an object, and men getting away with treating and using them like they are.

Week one Project

Health and medicine is an important field in the human life. This paper provides a summary of an article about key elements of various sources of primary law. It also explains how interest groups influence the policy and decision-making processes in pharmaceutical industry in the United Kingdom.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Week one Project specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The article on â€Å"In whose interest?† by Kathryn Jones (2008) explores how consumer groups in the United Kingdom manage, unfold and engage in the policy-making process. Consumer groups are greatly involved in health policy process. Particularly, the author examines how consumer groups relate to pharmaceutical industry. The main aim is to incorporate groups’ agendas into industry’s policies. The author refers to these groups influence as â€Å"political settlements†. As a result, healthcare services offered are effective and efficient. According to Jones (2008), â€Å"political settlements† ensure availability of safe medicine as well as accessible and affordable health care services. Jones (2008) established that 26% of consumer groups confessed that they receive financial support from the pharmaceutical industry. An interview conducted by Jones showed a coincidence of purpose among consumer groups, stakeholders and the pharmaceutical industry. These stakeholders acknowledge that their collaboration is crucial because it minimizes conflicts of interest. In addition, the collaboration maximizes benefits and the quality of health care services offered. Jones (2008) noted that consumer groups act as mediators between pharmaceutical companies and clients. This means that, consumer groups promote the interests of users or patients. Moreover, Jones (2008) explores how this relationship affects debates related to regulation of industry activities, access to medicine and inclusion of consu mer interests in policies. Jones (2008) concludes that the link between the pharmaceutical and consumer groups has been over-stated. The author states that consumer groups lack transparency. As a result, mistrust between policy- makers and consumer group is inevitable. The fact that consumer groups receive funds from pharmaceutical industry reduces their credibility. As a result, inclusion of consumer needs can be ineffective. The article authored by Alison Kitson et al. (2013) on core elements of patient-centred care examines the key aspects of this policy in medicine and nursing. Kitson et al. (2013) noted that existing health care approach is being transformed to patient-centred care. In addition the author notes that, governments and lobby groups put emphasis on health care services which focus on needs of an individual patient. The author identifies dimensions to be addressed in order to achieve the goals of patient-centered care.Advertising Looking for essay on health me dicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Kitson et al. (2013) noted core elements in patient-centred care policy which include; respect for patient’s choices and effective communication. However, the value attached to these elements by different groups is not ascertained. The author utilized review and synthesis to build literature in order to understand the concepts of patient-centered care policy. In addition, Kitson et al. (2013) explored views of different groups in respect to core values of the policy. The author majorly utilized secondary data from policy documents, patient organizations and medical studies among others. In addition, the data primarily focused on patient-centred care policy. Data used was derived from diverse sources in order to make sense of a complex concept. Kitson et al. (2013) found out that patient-centred care had seven key aspects: respect for patients, coordinated and integrated care, communica tion, information and education, emotional and physical comfort, family and friends’ involvement, transition and continuity. Kitson (2013) noted that patient-centered care focuses on improving the relationship between a patient and doctor. Doctor-patient involves six interactive aspects. Patient-centred care approach is crucial in all fields of medicine. Kitson et al. (2013) concludes that the aspects of patient-centred care exceed the professional boundaries. In addition, it is important for members of different disciplines to acknowledge the importance of patient-centred care. Moreover, Kitson et al. (2013) notes the need to have a common conceptual framework to make the approach effective and efficient. References Jones, K. (2008). In whose interest? Relationships between health consumer groups and the pharmaceutical industry in the UK. Sociology of health illness, 30(6), 929-943.DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9566.2008.01109.x. Kitson, A., Marshall, A., Bassett, K., Zeitz, K. (201 3). What are the core elements of patient†centred care? A narrative review and synthesis of the literature from health policy, medicine and nursing. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 69(1), 4-15. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2012.06064.x. This essay on Week one Project was written and submitted by user Joaquin G. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Aristophanes on Homosexual and Heterosexual Soul Mates

Aristophanes on Homosexual and Heterosexual Soul Mates The Greek comedy writer Aristophanes (ca 448-385 BCE), wrote more than 40 plays, many of them comedies which are bawdy and over-the-top, a genre in Greek literature called Old Comedy. Many of them were aimed at Socrates, like this inspired myth about how there came to be people with different sexual orientations.   This treatise appears in the Symposium by Plato, written by 360 BCE, and is from the Greek. In the Beginning In the beginning, there were three parents: Sun, Moon, and Earth. Each produced an offspring, round and otherwise like itself. From the  sun was produced the man; from earth, the woman; from the  moon, the union of the two, the androgyne. Each of these three was a double, one head with two faces looking out in opposite directions, four arms and legs, and two sets of genitalia. They moved about on the earth with a great deal more freedom and power than humans do now, for they rolled rather than walked- ran hand over hand and foot over foot at double speed. One day, these fast, powerful, but foolish creatures decided to scale Mt. Olympus to attack the gods. What should the gods do to show the foolish humans the error of their ways? Should they shoot them down with thunderbolts? No, they decided, too boring. Theyd done that before to the giants. Besides, who would pour out libations and offer sacrifices to them if they destroyed their worshipers? They had to devise a new punishment. Arrogant Humans Zeus thought and thought. Finally, he had a brainstorm. Humans werent a real threat, but they did need a dressing down. Their arrogance would be checked if they lost their speed, strength, and confidence. Zeus decided that if they were cut in half, they would be only half as fast and half as strong. Even better, it was a re-usable plan. Should they act up again, he would repeat the operation, leaving them with only one leg and one arm each. After he revealed his plan to his fellow Olympians, he asked Apollo to join him in putting it into effect. The king of the gods cut the man-man, woman-woman, and man-woman creatures in half and Apollo made the necessary repairs. The face which previously facing out, Apollo turned inward. Then he gathered all the skin together (like a purse) with an opening in the middle as a reminder to mankind of his earlier state. Rejoining Soul Mates After the surgery, the half-creatures ran around frantically looking for their other halves, seeking them out, embracing them, and trying to join together again. Unable to join, the creatures despaired and began to starve to death in their sorrow. Zeus, mindful of his need for worship, decided something must be done to recharge the creatures spirits, so he instructed Apollo to create a means to rejoin temporarily. This Apollo did by turning the genitals to the belly side of the body. Before, mankind had procreated by dropping a seed on the ground. This new system created an interesting new means of producing offspring. The creatures who had been double women before, naturally sought out women, those who had been androgynous, sought out members of the opposite gender, those who had been double men, sought out the company of men. They sought out their other halves,  not simply for intercourse, but so they could become whole again by being rejoined with their souls. Sources Plato. Symposium. Trans. Benardete, Seth [1930–2001] Internet Archive. Web Plato. Symposium. Trans. Jowett, Benjamin [1817–1893]. Project Gutenberg 2008. Web.   Plato. Symposium. Trans. Shelley, Percy Bysshe [1792–1822]. Internet Archive. Web.

Saying Good Evening in Japanese

Saying Good Evening in Japanese Whether youre visiting Japan or youre simply trying to learn a new language, knowing how to say and write simple greetings is a  great way to start communicating with people in their language. The way to say good evening in Japanese is Konbanwa. Konbanwa shouldnt be confused with  konnichi wa, which is a greeting often during daytime hours.   Greetings for Day and Night Japanese citizens will use the morning greeting ohayou gozaimasu,  most often before about 10:30 a.m. Konnichiwa is used most often after 10:30 a.m., while konbanwa is the appropriate evening greeting. Pronunciation of Konbanwa Listen to the audio file for Konbanwa. Japanese Characters for Konbanwa 㠁“ん㠁 °Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£  ¯Ã£â‚¬â€š Writing Rules There is a rule for writing hiragana wa and ha. When wa is used as a particle, it is written in hiragana as ha. Konbanwa is now a fixed greeting. However, in the old days it was a part of sentence such as Tonight is ~ (Konban wa ~) and wa functioned as a particle. Thats why it is still written in hiragana as ha.

First Generation College Motivational Support Systems Dissertation

First Generation College Motivational Support Systems - Dissertation Example They are also given a fair idea of the academic and co-curricular outcomes that are expected from them to make them progress to the next level, which is the university level. However, most often than not, students at the college are not able to meet their ascribed pass marks. A new trend of modern research has suggested that one key condition that determines the rate of success that could possibly be achieved by a student at the college is the generational factor of enrolment (Goodman, 1986). What this means is that as to whether a student is a first generation college student or non-first generation college student is an important factor in determining the rate of success that will be achieved. With this, it has been argued recently that first generation college student face the worse chances of failure in their college prospects (Finn, Nybell and Shook, 2009). It is for this reason that it is important that first generation college students be given all needed attention and guidanc e that is aimed at minimizing their risk of possible failure at the college level. Indeed, even though improved college enrolment is a positive sign of a well equipped and functioning educational system in a country (Eurelings-Bontekoe, Diekstra and Verschuur, 2005), it is important to note that student aspiration do not end with college admissions and that most students enter college with bigger hopes and dreams than merely being called college students. Ultimately, the student would want to pass college and continue to the highest point of education but for this to be possible, there must be effective support systems put in place. Considering the motivational support system in most colleges as a very vital and instrumental scheme to assisting in the quest to minimizing the risk of possible failure associated with the first generation college student, the researcher seeks to undertake the present study with the purpose of evaluating the effectiveness of these motivational support s ystems in various colleges. Indeed, this is a generalized purpose that will be expanded through a number of research areas. These research areas shall be referred to specific objectives as they define the present task that the researcher ought to achieve in order to achieve the larger and collective purpose that has been spelt out. Among the specific objectives of the study are the following: 1. To identify the factors that cause academic output differences between first generation college students and non-first generation college students. 2. To examine the components of first generation college motivational support systems used in various colleges across the country. 3. To critically assess the role of motivation to the academic success rate of First Generation College students. 4. To analyze factors that account for academic failures among First Generation College students. 5. To devise a model of First Generation College motivational support system that can be used effectively a cross colleges to bring about improved rates of academic success for first generation college students. Research Question The following research questions are set to serve two major purposes in the proposed study. In the first place, the research questions are going to be the basis on which secondary data are going to be collected for the study. It would be noted that the collection of secondary data shall be made

Review of Financial Statements Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Review of Financial Statements Paper - Essay Example for auditing Teva Pharmaceuticals’ consolidated balance sheets including its subsidiaries and various other consolidated statements such as those of income statements, equity changes and cash flows. Kesselman & Kesselman is accountable for articulating their views upon the financial statements which are considered as the prime responsibility of the Management and Board of Directors of the company (Kesselman & Kesselman, 2011). The management of Watson Pharmaceuticals is primarily responsible for the preparation of financial reporting inclusive of the structure of internal controls and formation of various consolidated statements of accounts. The financial statements are prepared according to the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles. The financial statements are audited by the company’s independent registered firm for public accounting, i.e. PriceWaterhouseCoopers. The responsibility of this audit firm is to express its opinion regarding the accountability of the financial statements of the company as per the standards (Watson Pharmaceuticals Inc (WPI), 2011). PriceWaterhouseCoopers is one of the well-known firms related to accounting and auditing throughout the world. It also provides with effective and competitive planning services aimed at the betterment of the organizational operations (BioJerusalem, 2011). Kesselman & Kesselman. (2011). Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm. Retrieved from http://google.brand.edgar-online.com/EFX_dll/EDGARpro.dll?FetchFilingHtmlSection1?SectionID=7731562-542814-549604&SessionID=ADoWHCg1k6TEkA7 Watson Pharmaceuticals Inc (WPI). (2011). Annual Report Pursuant To Section 13 And 15(d). Retrieved from

Marketing Plan for Shiseido Essay Example for Free

Marketing Plan for Shiseido Essay One hundred and forty years ago, Arinobu Fukuhara built on his experience working as chief pharmacist at a navy hospital to establish Shiseido, Japan’s first Western-style pharmacy in the Ginza district of Tokyo. Concerned about the inferior medications then available to the public, he aspired to separate medical care and pharmaceutical dispensing in Japan. Shiseido’s first president, Shinzo Fukuhara, led Shiseido into the cosmetics business in 1897. The only cosmetics sold in Japan at that time, powder and lipstick, were simply for altering appearance. Dissatisfied with the status quo, Shiseido brought a fresh perspective to cosmetics (n.d.). They formulated their products like pharmaceuticals because they strongly believed that the true value of cosmetics was in achieving healthy, beautiful skin. Based on this belief, Shiseido has developed with an unwavering philosophical commitment to high quality, innovation and authentic value. Millions of people have come to know and trust the Shiseido name as a result. The origin of the company name â€Å"Shiseido† is a passage from the Chinese classic, I Ching (The Book of Changes): â€Å"praise the virtues of the great Earth, which nurtures new life and brings forth new values.† Shiseido puts the intent of this passage into practice by discovering and creating new value. This is our founding spirit, and it continues unbroken as Our Mission, Shiseido’s raison d’à ªtre (Annual report 2012). Having started out as a pharmacy, it wasn’t until 1915 that Shiseido changed direction and committed to the cosmetics industry. The move was masterminded by Shinzo Fukuhara, the third son of Arinobu Fukuhara and the company’s first president. †¨ An experienced photographer, Shinzo Fukuhara combined artistry with high quality manufacturing, underpinned by the very latest in research and development, to establish Shiseido as a unique presence in the cosmetics industry (n.d.). The beginnings of Shiseido’s corporate philosophy As part of the transition from a family business to a more corporate setup, in 1921 Shiseido set out Shiseido’s Five Principles as the foundation of its corporate philosophy and activities as a company. These went on to form the basis of Shiseido’s Corporate Philosophy in 1989. Having undergone a number of changes since then, this finally evolved into, a new corporate philosophy reflecting the Shiseido Group’s internat ional operations and diverse brand portfolio, in 2011. Establishing a global production network With production facilities already up and running in areas such as North America and Taiwan, as well as in Japan, in 1991 Shiseido opened its first production facility in Europe, thereby establishing a truly global production network. Operations later got underway at a factory in Beijing in 1993 as Shiseido made its first steps towards expanding operations in the Chinese market. In 2010, the company commenced operations at a factory in Vietnam, as part of a concerted effort to tap into new growth in the so-called â€Å"masstige† market (n.d.). Reviewing a description of the market including the economic system to be targeted in this marketing plan, it has been found that Thai woman are interested in new products to whiten their intimate areas. Fair skin is a symbol of opportunity, success and status. There are already skin-whitening pills and diet supplements claiming to pick up where the cosmetics leave off. But this is the first time that a vaginal whitening wash has hit the Thai market (Hodal, 2012). Asian skin ages different than others, instead of Asians being concerned with fine lines and wrinkles, Asians worry about dark spots. Using pale Korean and Japanese pop stars as illustrations, Thai womens magazines are full of fair-skinned Asians promoting products that promise to whiten, lighten and boost the complexion, with slogans such as Show off your aura and Get to know the miracle of white skin. Fair-skinned actors and singers dominate the media nearly all over the Asia-Pacific region, where the skin-lightening indu stry is expected to reach $2bn this year with the fastest growing markets in China and India (Hodal, 2012). Shiseido has been at the forefront of skin-brightening research since launching the lotion Hydrogen Peroxide Cucumber in 1917 (Annual report 2012). They have developed about one-third of the active skin-brightening ingredients used in Japanese cosmetics. Shiseido is concentrating on aging research so that people can grow older beautifully. There are three key aspects in conducting research: functionality that creates healthy, beautiful skin; sensitivity and sensations such as pleasant usability, scent, color and beauty methods; and most important, safety that allows consumers to use their products worry free. In Thailand, Shiseido needs to grow existing products and embrace its brand value. They need to use the foundation they have built to generate solid growth in Thailand. Shiseido will continue to shift through fundamental reforms in order to invest for growth, and will implement fresh initiatives. According to their website, Shiseido has always embraced innovation, progress and challenge. The only way that Shiseido can evolve is by integrating its growing strengths to continuously create new and richer value in new markets. They should see the Asian culture as a future growth driver, and should therefore put their focus on commercials and in-store visuals to build the reputation of the Shiseido brand. They should also consider focusing on local customer needs, promote seasonal cosmetic changes and realize their customers purchasing behavior. People use the Internet to acquire information by themselves and comparison shop beyond category boundaries (Annual report 2012). Shiseido needs to recognize and accommodate to these major changes in the market by taking on the challenge of a new business model that could increases regular users of products by bringing together their existing store-based sales with business and direct marketing using the Internet. I want Shiseido to build direct relationships with customers and use them to steadily deliver the value they generate. I would also like to see Shiseido grow from the cosmetics business by providing total beauty solutions. The key to success for Shiseido lies in offering a suite of products targeted at a wide range of customers, but with special emphasis on the growing luxury and natural sector. There are several reasons behind the growth in high-end cosmetics: the expansion of new markets in Russia and Asia; changing social norms that make the wearing of makeup more acceptable; celebrity worship; promotion within fashion magazines; improvements in the technology that creates makeup; the influence of mass retailers that can offer lower prices, and raising affluence. As makeup becomes less expensive, better and more accessible, more women have moved away from older brands of makeup and skincare in search of higher-quality new products and more exclusivity. Works Cited (n.d.). Retrieved from http://group.shiseido.com/company/info/index.htmlThere are no sources in the current document. Annual report 2012. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://group.shiseido.com/ir/library/annual/pdf/2012/anu00001.pdf Hodal, K. (2012, 11 23). Thailands skin-whitening craze reaches womans intimate areas. Retrieved from http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/sep/23/thailand-vaginal-whitening-wash

Music Therarpy Essay -- essays research papers fc

Music therapy is the prescribed use of music and musical interventions in order to restore, maintain, and improve emotional, physical, physiological, and spiritual health as well as a person’s well being. Music Therapy facilitates the creative process of moving toward wholeness in the physical, emotional, mental, and spiritual self in areas such as: independence, freedom to change, adaptability, balance and integration. The implementation of Music Therapy involves interactions of the therapist, client and music. These interactions initiate and sustain musical and non-musical change that may or may not be observable. As the musical elements of rhythm, melody and harmony are elaborated across time, the therapist and client can develop relationships, which optimize the quality of life. It is believe that Music Therapy makes a unique contribution to wellness of a person, because man’s response to music is so unique. Using music to establish a trusting relationship, the music therapist then works to improve the clients physical and mental functioning through carefully structured activities. Examples can include singing, listening, playing instruments, composition, moving to music, a nd music and imagery exercises. The overall aim of Music Therapy is to actively engage individuals in their own growth, development and behavioral change and for them to transfer musical and nonmusical skills to other aspects of their life, bringing them from isolation into active participation in th...

Public and Private Sector Accounting Essay

Accounting, known by and large to be a skilled, remunerative, but rather dry profession, has a long and fascinating history. In existence practically from the dawn of civilization, in one form or the other, accounting activity has been integral to some of the most important phases of history. Responsible for the invention of writing, accountants have over the ages, (because of their organic and fundamental association with the processes of trade, business, industry, governance, and taxation), been involved in monarchy and empire expansion, the process of colonisation, the industrial revolution, the World Wars, scientific progress, globalisation, and the spread of neo liberal economics across the world. Confucius, as a government official, was responsible for accounting, and much of what we know about the daily lives of ancient peoples comes from accounting records, such as inventories and sales records, found at archaeological sites. Accounting evolution has followed dissimilar routes in different countries and states and has been extensively shaped by the immediate and larger environment. Japan’s accounting processes, for example, which were significantly shaped by western influences, are very dissimilar from that of neighbouring China and have played an important role in the country’s far more rapid advancement in business, industry and international trade in the 19th and 20th centuries. Accounting policies and procedures in the modern day have, in somewhat similar fashion, evolved rather differently for private sector businesses and public sector corporations, being shaped and constructed by the unlike needs of the two sectors, the dissimilar nature of their income and expenditure streams, the different control processes under which they operate, and their diverse reporting requirements. Recent years have however witnessed significant rethinking in and rerouting of the functioning of public enterprises; the steadily increasing application of neo-liberal economic principles and greater accountability for the commercial and financial success of public sector corporations, leading to increasing convergence between the accounting policies and practices of the public with that of the private sector. This essay attempts to investigate the reasons for the differences in their historical evolution, and the current worldwide efforts to bring about greater convergence between the two accounting methods. Commentary and Discussion Historical Overview of Evolution of Accounting Whilst the extent of involvement of accounting activity in historical life across cultures is becoming clearer with the progress of archaeological work, the accounting profession has historically chosen to adopt a low profile, there being very few pioneers who can be identified with major accounting developments. The most important historical name to arise, in this connection, is that of Luca Pacioli, who in 1494 wrote a book on mathematics, in which he discussed the concept of double entry book keeping. The chapter on practical mathematics addressed mathematics in business. He said that the successful merchant needs three things: sufficient cash or credit, an accounting system that can tell him how he’s doing, and good bookkeeper to operate it. His accounting system consisted of journals and ledgers. It rested on the invention of double-entry bookkeeping. Debits were on the left side because that’ s what â€Å"debit† meant, â€Å"the left†. The numbers on the right were named â€Å"credits†. If everything was done right, then the bookkeeper could do a trial balance (â€Å"summa summarium†). Add up all the debits and then add up all the credits, he said. If everything had been done right, the totals should match. If not, â€Å"that would indicate a mistake in your Ledger, which mistake you will have to look for diligently with the industry and intelligence God gave you. † He wrote† It is difficult to overestimate the importance of double entry bookkeeping. Simple and adequate for the needs of business, it caught on immediately with Italian merchants, was central to their success, and contributed towards the impetus that led to the emergence of the Renaissance. Whilst the conceptualisation and implementation of the double entry system of bookkeeping in the 15th century was the first major watershed in the development of modern day accounting theory, the following centuries were also witness to a number of major developments in Europe and Asia in the area of business recording and accounting, many of which contributed to the development of modern day accounting principles and policies. Notwithstanding Pacioli’s seminal contribution to accounting methodology, a number of other renaissance forces also helped in giving body and shape to the discipline; key factors among these being the concept of private property, capital, widespread commerce, money, the use of credit, the development of arithmetic, and the growing use of writing for recording transactions. Although many of these factors did exist in ancient times, they were not found together, until the Middle-Ages, in a form and strength necessary to push for the innovation of double entry. Accounting rules, policies and practices evolved over time in response to the needs of businesses and to a range of developments. The emergence of the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century led accountants to devise accounting methods for finding the cost of production; large scale production of goods in the United States led to the formulation of cost accounting procedures, the arrival of income tax laws saw substantial modifications in the practice of keeping accounting records, and the great depression of the early decades of the 20th century led to the introduction of standards, the establishment of accounting principles and accounting frameworks. Josiah Wedgwood, the famous potter, contributed significantly to cost accounting by studying his books, manufacturing cost structure, overhead, and market structure to avoid bankruptcy during the recession. He became an accounting pioneer and his firm survives even today. Accountancy practices in recent years have been repeatedly scrutinised, modified and clarified through the setting up of accounting standards, the establishment of auditor responsibilities and the enactment of laws for appropriate disclosure. The reputation of the accounting profession has been severely tarnished by corporate scams and frauds like Enron, which has led to the questioning of accounting methods and principles, as well the integrity of the accounting profession. Accounting systems and practices, whilst developing side by side all over the world have followed distinctly different routes, being influenced by institutional and cultural factors. Institutional factors like legal systems, taxation laws, financing norms and methods, credit availability and stock exchange requirements, which have been markedly different for Anglo-Saxon, European, Central Asian, and East Asian environments have shaped the development of accounting systems accordingly. Researchers like Hofstede and Gray have theorised that cultural differences have also played a significant role in the establishment of different accounting systems in different countries. Gray took up Hofstede’s cultural hypotheses and linked them to the development of accounting systems in a meaningful way, stating that cultural or societal values permeated through organisational and occupational subcultures, and vice versa, though obviously the degree of integration differed from place to place. â€Å"Accounting systems and practices can influence and reinforce societal values† Development of Accounting Methods in the Public and Private Sectors The power of various influences to shape the development of accounting systems and methodologies is also evident in the shaping of accounting norms for the public sector and their significant differences from those adopted by or enforced upon the private sector; the public sector, basically implying corporations whose ownership vested with governments, and whose control was accordingly decided by government diktat. Whilst governments had until the 1930s focussed mainly on the controlling of law and order, defence, foreign policy, and similar other areas, the end of the Second World War saw them taking a far greater interest in business and commercial affairs, as well as in infrastructural sectors. Whilst some of these developments were due to the influence of socialist thought and the example set by socialist states, (where all businesses were controlled by the government), they were also influenced by the widespread disenchantment with the capitalist way of governance after the great depression of the 1930s. The huge task of nation building after the devastation caused by World War II made it necessary for governments to actually contribute to infrastructure building, nursing of revived industries, and setting up of new businesses. In the UK, activities like mining and railways were controlled by the government. In Italy the state owned IRI (Institute for Industrial Reconstruction) owned companies engaged in mining, steel, airlines, banking, telephones, and automobile manufacture, and in India the government, apart from controlling all infrastructural activity also controlled the majority of heavy business investment and activity. Substantial governmental control over infrastructural and commercial activity, in addition to its existing control over governmental departments, led to the evolution of a significantly different form of accounting than what was followed by the private sector. The most important of these differences concerned the mode of booking expenditures and incomes, which in the private sector worked on the accrual basis, even whilst the public sector chose to stay with the older method of recording them only after they had been realised in cash or kind. The cash basis of accounting, which records income or expenditure transactions only after such transactions have resulted in the physical receipt or payment of cash, constituted the commonly followed way of accounting for all enterprises, until the adoption of the accrual way of accounting by businesses, changed commonly held accounting perspectives. The cash system records accounting events when they become tangible, e. g. , when a customer’s check arrives, when a shipped product reaches the customer, or when money for a business-related expense is removed from the bank. Cash accounting registers income when money arrives and registers expenses when money goes out of the business. Even today the cash accounting method is a more familiar accounting method because of its use by most individuals in tracking of personal finances. Under this method, one’s income is taxable when it is received, and expenses are deductible when they are paid. Cash accounting remains a straightforward and easily understood method of record-keeping for tax purposes. The accrual method on the other hand approaches accounting events in real time. A sale is registered as soon as a customer receives a consignment even though the actual payment could come much later. Similarly an expense is recorded as soon as the event occurs and a liability recorded as soon as an event occur, whether it is purchase of material, use of services like water or electricity and use of employed or contracted labor, even though such transactions do not involve the simultaneous exchange of money. Over time most private sector businesses, apart from those controlled by small individuals or which were small in size, chose to switch over to the accrual system, forced as much by pressure from regulatory bodies and lending institutions, as by their desire to reflect more logical and realistic business and accounting outcomes. Most tax systems stipulate the compulsory use of accrual systems for private businesses after they achieve a certain size or adopt specified legal structures like those of privately owned or joint stock companies. Most public sector organisations, across the world, however chose to remain with the cash based system of accounting. Such decisions grew out of certain specific circumstances. Governments are essentially different in their nature from businesses, the information required for better understanding and assessment of the financial operations of government organisations extending beyond the reporting of surpluses and deficits. Governments, unlike the private sector, whilst required to run their operations efficiently, are required to provide goods and services to the public, which in some cases becomes more important than making profits. The measurement of surpluses or deficits is in many cases not the primary indicator of the performance of government working. In many countries the public sector continues to retain a separate and different approach from the private sector. Their services are often provided free at the point of use and there is little or no direct link between the cost of these and government income, which is mainly in the form of taxation. The government, in many cases, decides upon the amount of grants required for specific public sector organisations through the formulation of budgets and provides the same on a periodic basis; many such organisations preferring to call their financial statements â€Å"receipt and expenditure† rather than profit and loss statements. The accounting policies of public sector organisations are also shaped by their different reporting requirements. Private sector organisations, especially those that are legally structured as joint stock companies need to provide a true and fair description of their financial performance for the benefit of their shareholders, the tax authorities, and other stakeholders. Even smaller organisations need to necessarily satisfy the requirements of tax departments and their owners, and their accountants routinely adopt the accrual system for recording transactions and preparing statements. Reporting requirements for government controlled organizations is significantly different. Comparison of actual disbursals and expenses with those budgeted is a routine requirement, a need that is more conveniently filled through the use of cash accounting records. The managements of such organisations also have to report on specific information needs of various bodies, including supervisory government departments, parliamentary bodies, and the governmental auditors. Conclusion Recent years have seen extensive debate in public sector accounting and the changes made in many countries for shifting from the cash to the accrual basis of accounting. Public sector working has been influenced during the last three decades by the concepts of New Public Management, (NPM), which expressly calls for enhancement of the efficiency, effectiveness, and accountability of public service delivery through the implementation of a wide range of changes that include deregulation, decentralisation, outsourcing, substitution of input control by output control, result orientation, responsibility assignment and introduction and implementation of private sector management techniques. Whilst the adoption of the accrual system of accounting will lead to the production of more logical and more accurate financial statements, the convergence process will need extensive retraining and education not just of public sector accountants but also of public sector auditors and the users of these financial statements. Such lack of familiarity may lead to inaccuracies in the preparation of financial statements and will need to be addressed through appropriate training and skills upgradation of the concerned people. With the aim of public sector reforms being the dismantling of bureaucracy and more efficient use of resources, increased managerial autonomy and discretion is being accompanied by an emphasis on more extensive accounting practices. Again with accounting playing a key role in NPM implementation and in public sector reforms, the need for greater convergence between public and private sector accounting is being increasingly evidenced. Significant accounting reforms are taking place in many countries, more specifically in the United States, the UK, and West and Nordic Europe. Many public sector companies are changing their accounting policies to institutionalise accrual accounting for budgetary and external financial reporting purposes in order to provide useful information about liabilities, debt, usage of assets, and the cost of public services Whilst change is coming about slowly in public sector accounting, the issue is still being debated vigorously in many countries. The International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) formulated the â€Å"Guideline for Governmental Financial Reporting† in 1998 to help public sector units at all levels to prepare their financial reports on the basis of accruals. The IFAC Guideline, along with the International Accounting Standards (IAS) followed by the private sector, make the basis for the International Public sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) developed by the Public sector Committee (PSC) of IFAC.

Travel To Medical Destinations Health And Social Care Essay

India, Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand have become popular for cardiac and orthopedic surgery while the states in Central and South America has construct a good repute in decorative surgery and dental attention. The medical services offered in India cost merely approximately 10 % of those in the United States. As dental and decorative surgery are non covered by the companies that provide wellness insurance, patients from Canada and United Kingdom prosecute Medical Tourism to acquire the process done at the lowest and attractive cost. Peoples besides travel to the medical finishs as some of the interventions like root cell therapy are restricted in the industrialized states and are available at these topographic points. Peoples wanting to make processs like drug rehabilitation would go abroad for privateness. Some people frequently make medical circuit as a portion of their holidaies at some epicurean topographic points. Modern engineering helps the tourers to look into and happen the proper finish. Peoples could set up health care anyplace in the universe through cyberspace and can besides near the agents for advice. The research besides states that, the gross generated by finish states by supplying medical services to foreign patients can be used to better the quality of attention given to the citizens of those states. I have Chosen this article as it highlights the outgrowth of medical touristry and its sustainability in developing states. It besides discusses about the increasing popularity of medical touristry and provinces that about 1.2 million patients travelled to India and 1.1 million travelled to Thailand in the twelvemonth 2004. It is besides estimated that by 2012 medical touristry in Asia could bring forth gross of about $ 4.4 million. It besides explores assorted grounds which make people prosecute medical circuit to these finishs. This article chiefly discusses about the function of private sector and the Government of certain states in the growing of medical touristry. Well developed autochthonal medical systems and outgrowth of new engineering have played an first-class function in back uping medical touristry among western states for several old ages. Among the Asiatic states, this signifier of touristry is a new tendency and it is the private infirmaries in those states that account maximal for pulling foreign patients. Bumrungrad infirmary in Thailand was one among the first few infirmaries to concentrate on this field. Government has besides led the development of this industry in several states like Malaysia where a commission has been formed for the publicity of wellness touristry. Similarly the authorities of Hong Kong has been doing efforts to market its traditional medical specialty. The article besides mentions about the diminution in figure of foreign patients sing the United States. Tightening of the in-migration regulations and security cheque is one among its chief causes. As a consequence of this more patients particularly from the Middle East move to France, UK, Germany and Australia as options. Still the market potency in these states is really less compared to the Asiatic states. Growth of this industry is really much related to the quality of medical services provided as patients travel abroad with batch of outlooks. The article references about certain infirmaries in Australia that focus non merely on malignant neoplastic disease but on assorted specifications of tegument malignant neoplastic disease. Hence to back up this, nurses are specially trained and are called Oncology nurses. The quality of service is even supported by the hardware investings such as MRI or Gamma Knife machines and package investings as good. Certain infirmaries besides provide not medical services to its foreign patients such as logistics and adjustment. London Bridge Hospital provides direct airdrome choice up is an illustration mentioned in the article. The article concludes by saying about the selling reforms. Web sites, crystalline pricing strategies, in-flight magazines etc has become the chief platform for advertisement. Certain infirmaries have even started their bureaus in other states. Cromwell infirmary in U.K is one among those which has offices in India and Pakistan. I ‘ve chosen this article as it mentions about the consequence of Government and private sector on the sustainability of Medical Tourism. It besides points about the industry ‘s sustainability issues in United States even though the writer has n't discussed much about it. It besides states about the impact of quality of service on medical touristry to stay sustainable and concludes stipulating the ways of advertisement used by the infirmaries. The article characterises dental touristry as an illustration of globalization. It is a fact that dental surgeries are the most expensive among all medical processs and are non covered by most of the insurance suppliers. There are several grounds which lead people to go overseas for acquiring their alveolar consonant processs done. Huge cost of this process at the place state itself is a ground that makes people fly abroad to states where it is done at much lower cost. Second the long waiting list at the place state to acquire entree to a local alveolar consonant physician makes people think about prosecuting dental touristry. It is besides understood by the people that lower monetary values does n't ensue in lower quality of the dental process. Even though dental touristry is considered as an illustration of globalization, the writer references that the motion of dental tourers in states like U.K, U.S and Australia are more regional compared to other countries of medical touristry. Most of the people from United Kingdom move to states like Bulgaria, Hungary, Croatia, Romania and Poland. Similarly the Americans and the Australians move to their neighbouring states instead traveling to states which are far off. Apart from the benefits of Dental Tourism, there are even certain hazards associated with it. Most of the dental processs are done in episodes that create trouble for the people winging down from far away states sing the cogency of their visas. Dental surgery may make farther complications even if the process is successfully done. In such instances people will be helpless as they have to depend on the local tooth doctors and stop up passing a immense sum of money. Traveling lawfully against such carelessness of attention is non practical as the dental touristry companies make the clients sign liability signifiers which provinces, if legal actions are to be initiated, the clients should turn to the tribunals of the state where the dental infirmary is situated. Despite all the hazards associated, figure of people traveling abroad for dental surgeries keeps increasing as they find the hazards are negligible compared to the benefits and hence there is an tremendous growing in dental touristry. I ‘ve chosen this article as it deals about an interesting country of medical touristry. The article explores the benefits and hazards associated with dental touristry and references that the hazards are negligible compared to benefits. Thus the issues related to the sustainability of dental touristry have been discussed in the article. This article is about organ organ transplant between people from different states, besides known as transplant touristry and the function of insurance companies on such issues. The beginnings of organ are frequently from citizens of the state where graft is performed or can be the life givers whom the receivers bring abroad. As of 19th January 2007 there were about 95,000 patients waiting for organ graft in the United States. In 2004, about 26,500 variety meats were transplanted. In the same period over 7000 patients died waiting for graft. It is besides projected by the United web of organ sharing that by 2010, there would be100000 patients waiting for kidney and the mean waiting list would be 10 old ages. Taking all these to history, the insurance company are taking stairss to turn to the jobs of organ handiness, long waiting list and higher cost, therefore advancing transplant touristry. Some medical insurance companies have even bundled travel and wellness attention to one individual bundle. The article has besides mentioned about the ethical footings of transplant touristry. In some instances of life givers from states where guidelines do non be, they would hold been expressly paid to donate. Forced bridal contribution may besides go on. Apart from that the writers have besides discussed about the safety issues of transplant touristry. It is mentioned that populating donor graft gives the better result but there are certain clinical hazard associated. When a giver travels to a foreign state there will be travel hazards and besides complications due to hapless hygiene in abroad infirmaries. The epidemic catching diseases are besides a large hazard for the life givers from abroad. Another complication associated is the long term attention of givers. One of the writers has mentioned his experience where he finds many U.S givers lacks personal wellness insurance. In such instances there is a hazard of fiscal load for such givers when the coverage from the receiver ‘s policy ends. The writer besides mentions about the multiple victims of the transplant touristry patterns. They are the giver, the receiver and the abroad occupant patients expecting graft. States like Australia and New Zealand have created a system of dual waiting list, one for occupants and the other for non occupants. The non occupants will hold entree merely if it is determined that no suited allotment can be made to the occupants. The article concludes by stipulating that the pattern of organ touristry is non ethical even though increasing transplant handiness is a worthy end. This article has been chosen as it deals with the issues of organ touristry besides known as transplant touristry. The article discusses about both the benefits and even the unethical nature of organ touristry. The increasing statistical figures of people waiting for graft show that transplant touristry remains sustainable. This article deals with an unethical pattern of transplant touristry known as organ trafficking. Certain people selling variety meats are non merely the giver beginnings as their chief focal point would be money. Organ trafficking can affect agencies of menace, maltreatment of power and other agencies of development such as giving or receiving of payment or benefits to accomplish the consent of a individual holding control over another individual. The fiscal consideration becomes the chief precedence alternatively of wellness concerns by doing organ, the chief trade good of commercial dealing. The writers have besides clearly mentioned that non all medical touristry affecting the crossing of boundary lines by the graft receivers or givers are associated with organ trafficking. Transplant touristry is legal and there are different regulations in different states sing the graft of variety meats. The article explores about the extent of organ trafficking. States such as Pakistan and Philippines do non hold any legal processs for organ graft. These states do non even let go of the information of figure of foreign patients going at that place. It was estimated by WHO in 2007 that, 5 – 10 % of kidney organ transplant around the Earth occur as a portion of organ trade. It was besides estimated that at least 100 subjects from states such as Saudi Arabia, Malaysia, Taiwan and South Korea travelled abroad for commercial kidney organ transplant annually. Few people from Australia, India, United States, Canada, Japan, Oman and Morocco besides travelled as tourers for trafficked variety meats. The most lurid observation was in China where 11,000 grafts were performed from executed captives. China has late adopted Human Transplantation Act that bans commerce and as a ground of this, the figure of grafts to foreign patients has been reduced by 50 % . Israel besides would forbid the insurance reimbursement for Israelis who perform graft from states where purchasing or merchandising of organ is illegal. The article concludes by stipulating about the attack of organisations such as WHO in happening options to battle this commercialization. At a regional audience held in Kuwait by WHO, it opposed transplant touristry that includes securities firm. It crafted statement eyeing towards certain ends that include the development of legal model on organ organ transplant and doing it crystalline in every state. The statement besides mentions that the insurance companies should non back up this illegal pattern. The ground for taking this article is, it highlights about the sick patterns of transplant touristry. Medical touristry has become a platform for organ trafficking. It besides mentions about the extent of organ trafficking and the steps taken by WHO to contend them. Generative touristry is a portion of medical touristry where people, for obtaining desired medically assisted reproduction, travel organize one establishment, legal power or state where intervention is unavailable due to certain limitations, to another establishment, legal power or state. The limitation or regulations may non needfully be legal but can be the personal moral strong beliefs of wellness attention supplier, policy of establishment etc. Many European states, Australia and United States have n't put much limitation on it and U.S has known this phenomenon particularly for abortion for a long clip. The tourers who perform generative touristry are called birthrate tourers. The writer has focused on Belgium as he is more familiar with it. A survey states that 30 % of patients coming for IVF intervention in Belgium are from abroad. Besides 60 % of patients bespeaking oocyte contribution are besides from abroad with the Gallic accounting for the highest in figure. Lot of patients fly from Germany as oocyte contribution and IVF are non allowed in the state. Long waiting list, deficiency of expertness and cost can besides be the factors which lead people to see generative touristry other than the moral grounds and intervention inaccessibility. In most of the states, cost for all IVF rhythms are non reimbursed. Apart from the factors that leads people prosecute this sort of touristry, the article besides discusses about certain solutions to avoid it. The writer references that the best solution is to follow a soft jurisprudence that does non enforce rigorous prohibitions or duties on anyone in all states. The jurisprudence does non reflect the moral place of any group as the station modern society has got battalion of ethical motives and spiritual positions. It can besides be avoided if the intervention is done merely to citizens of the state. Prevention of people from traversing boundary lines for this sort of intervention can besides be practiced. An illustration of such sort of bar mentioned is about Ireland seting prohibition on Irish adult females winging to the Great Britain for abortion. The writer concludes the article by showing his return on the pluralistic society with battalion of ethical motives and values. He mentions that generative touristry is the solution found by the minorities when moral struggle occurs. This article has been chosen as it explores an uneven portion of medical touristry known as generative or fertility touristry. This class of medical touristry has certain moral values go arounding around it and different people in the society have different positions on it. The sustainability of medical touristry is ever associated with the moral values and positions of the people. Different ways to avoid Generative touristry has besides been discussed in the article. Ayurveda is the major medical tradition and the cardinal component of India ‘s touristry market. It is besides linked with cultural touristry as it includes largely the traditional manner of intervention. The Westerners and the citizens of Southeast Asia and West Asia are the most among those attracted towards Ayurvedic touristry. Ayurveda is most popular in Kerala, the south western province of India and is besides been visited by the people from Northern portion of the state. Ayurvedic practicians represent it in a traditional context every bit good as in the context of modernness. . Migration of workers from Kerala to the gulf states and many new age Gurus history for increasing the popularity of Ayurveda in the planetary degree. Lots of Ayurvedic pharmaceuticals and clinics have been opened universe broad late. The clinics in South Asia have developed many Ayurvedic resorts that attract tourers overseas. Ayurvedic Tourism is even promoted by the major infirmaries that sell bio medical and surgical services to the patients abroad by offering trips to Ayurvedic Centres during patient ‘s recovery period. The geographics of Kerala is an added advantage for Ayurvedic touristry market in India. In the recent old ages, Ayurvedic practicians have found a new technique for marketing Ayurveda to do it more acceptable in all parts of the universe. It has been accomplished as a manner of relaxation and massage instead than the complicated system of diagnosing and healing. This attracted more and more tourers from several parts of the universe and therefore became major beginning of income for the resorts in the state. The pupils who graduate in Ayurvedic medical specialty started acquiring recruited in the resorts and their demand keeps lifting. They could besides gain immense wages from it but they waste their endowment as the people being treated are those with out any sort unwellness and so, they have nil much to make with the things they really studied. Local infirmaries in the state have improved the in patient installations to run into the demand and to pull foreign patients. Today people pursue Ayurvedic intervention for two grounds. One set of people considered as serious patients undergo the intervention to better their chronic wellness conditions while others visit the resorts as a portion of pleasance trip. The ground for taking this article is that it deals with the field of medical touristry that is even linked with civilization and tradition of the part. Not merely patients but all sort of tourers pursue Ayurvedic touristry. The chapter discusses about the alteration of path of Ayurveda from the system of diagnosing and healing to the manner of relaxation and massage. This attracts more tourers and hence makes it stay sustainable. The article describes medical touristry as new signifier of niche touristry. High cost of medical attention, long waiting lists, low-cost airfare and favorable economic exchange rates have constituted to the growing of medical touristry in the recent old ages. Though Asiatic states are ruling, several other states have sought to come in this field. The rise of new companies which act as the agents between infirmaries and the tourers besides account to the growing along with the cyberspace. Proper selling is being done as the medical attention bit by bit moved to the private sector. States like India, Singapore and Thailand which dominate in the industry have linked medical attention to touristry by hiking the attractive force of the beaches near by. South Africa and the Latin American states have besides become outstanding in the industry in the recent old ages. The Caribbean provinces have found it hard to come in the industry as its monetary values can non vie with those of Latin American states. As a consequence of this states like Cuba and Antigua have started to specialize in certain medical Fieldss like tegument diseases, dental medicine etc. The Middle Eastern states have besides shown their involvement in come ining the market and Dubai has built a Health Care City as a consequence of it. They compete on quality as they are unable to vie on monetary value with the other Asiatic states and hold given importance to stigmatization. Saudi Arabia has entered the market by associating medical touristry with the pilgrim's journey visits to the state. Hospitals in certain states have even started links with air passages for advancing the industry. The article besides mentions that the currency fluctuations have a great influence on medical touristry. The writer mentioned an illustration of a infirmary in South Africa that went from 30 patients a month in 2003 to none in 2005 as South African currency rose its value against the U.S Dollars. The writer says that selling of medical touristry is frequently linked with geographics of the finish. As already mentioned in the beginning, some Asiatic states link medical touristry with close by beaches, the article besides mentions about the nexus of Ayurvedic touristry in Kerala to the house boats and back Waterss at that place. It has besides become a portion of pleasance touristry where people ‘s primary purpose would be touring for pleasance and would see near by medical Centres as a portion of it. This article has been chosen as it mentions about the states doing effort to come in the medical touristry industry other than those ruling the field and their selling schemes adopted to vie with the dominants. It besides discusses about the nexus of medical touristry with other Fieldss of touristry and their common benefits. Relation of medical touristry to currency fluctuation has besides been discussed in the article. The article begins by briefing on medical touristry and its function in different states. The writers mention about the jutting statistics of people prosecuting medical touristry which has already been discussed in the old articles of the annotated bibliography. The factors impacting people to go abroad for intervention has besides been mentioned. The writers so discuss about telemedicine and reference that it is the usage of information and communicating systems to back up the patients. In the past decennary there has been a dramatic growing in the telemedicine engineering, though it was established about half a century ago. The proficient portion of telemedicine has besides been mentioned in the article. The article besides mentions about the influence of telemedicine on medical touristry and its benefits. Telemedicine brings a great value to the patients who fly back place after the intervention as it is used as a follow up to the intervention obtained. Well equipped call Centres have been established with trained physicians and nurses having calls from the patients. Nurses so make follow up calls to look into the advancement of the patients. The outlooks and satisfaction of medical tourers related to telemedicine has besides been explored in the article. It states that the tourer who experience telemedicine prior to the medical circuit will hold significantly more satisfaction compared to those sing it merely after the circuit. From the organizational position, telemedicine during the station medical circuit would be highly utile as they could acquire the feedback from the patients and helps them to better their quality and criterion. The article concludes by adverting that telemedicine is built into the twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours pattern of medical touristry. The writers have besides discussed about the inauspicious consequence of telemedicine on medical touristry. If the telemedicine service is of hapless quality, it may hold a negative impact on the over all experience. This article has been chosen as it discusses about the nexus of Medical touristry with certain elements of engineering by foregrounding the impact of telemedicine on the sustainability of medical touristry. It besides mentions about the benefits of telemedicine from the patients every bit good as the organizational position. Use of telemedicine increases the outlooks of tourers prosecuting medical touristry and besides benefits them in the station intervention period. Certain subjects in this book reference about the hazards and dangers associated with medical touristry. The writer calls medical industry as an unusual industry as the clients have to pay even if they die on the tabular array. The hazards associated with the intervention will be the same at place every bit good as abroad. The things that differ are the processs to travel lawfully against the medical suppliers if any malpractice or carelessness occurs and it is non an easy undertaking to action the medical suppliers overseas. The writer references that there are physicians who perform unneeded surgery for money even in the United States. Institute of Medicine in U.S has reported that 48,000 to 98,000 patients die in a twelvemonth due to medical mistakes. It is estimated by the wellness attention committee that one out of 10 patients in infirmaries in developed states fall victim to errors such as incorrect diagnosing, incorrect dose of drugs etc. Other hazards mentioned are the different sorts of disease in foreign states caused due to unfamiliar sources in the H2O and air. When the patients return place, the physician abroad can ne'er give a proper follow up and it will ever be hard for a physician at place to take up the instance of another physician. Lots of other hazards associated with medical touristry have besides been mentioned in the book. It besides discusses about the issues sing medical malpractices. The writer says that the physicians are worlds and no medical systems are perfect, therefore the patients meaning to acquire the intervention should hold a elaborate contract. Still it is non easy to action a physician if anything goes incorrect and the writer mentions the illustration of a tooth doctor neglecting to detect that the patient has mouth malignant neoplastic disease before make fulling the tooth. In such instances, the tooth doctor can non be easy sued even if heshe belongs to the place state. It becomes even more hard if the tooth doctor belongs to a different state where the linguistic communication, the Torahs and the tribunal systems are different. The agents besides would non take the duty as the carelessness or malpractices are non committed by their staffs, except a few mediators like LasikAbroad.co.uk. The writer eventually references that no infirmaries would wish to free their name and repute as the media is strong and besides the competition additions. Hospitals would besides non wish to be known for using underqualified physicians. Subjects of this book have been chosen as it explores the hazards associated with medical touristry. Peoples going to the 3rd universe states would ever believe about the effects before doing determinations. Medical malpractices, carelessness etc have ever been a menace to medical touristry along with hazards such as diseases in foreign states as mentioned. Terrorism, route accidents etc are some of the other menaces non merely to medical touristry but besides to all sorts of touristry.Summary:The 10 articles of the bibliography Jockey shortss about the different issues associated with medical touristry and its sustainability from societal and economic position. The articles have been summarised from diaries and selected chapters of books on medical touristry. The annotated bibliography Begins by discoursing about the range of medical touristry in developing states like India, Thailand etc. Old system of going to the developed states for better intervention has undergone a alteration. Higher cost of intervention, low-cost airfares etc are the chief grounds that lead people to prosecute medical circuit. There are even people who take intervention abroad for privateness grounds. Different states are popular for different medical processs. It is mentioned in the article that Asiatic states are popular for cardiac and orthopedic surgery, while Central and South American states provide the best alveolar consonant and decorative surgeries. Medical touristry has become the chief beginning of income in certain states and the gross generated is been used to better the quality of intervention given to the citizens of the state. As the popularity of medical touristry rose, the agents linking the clients and the infirmaries have besides grown in figure. Lots of cyberspace web sites have been developed to back up the patients meaning to prosecute medical circuit. The research besides mentions about the support given by the authorities of certain states for elating the industry. Private sectors are besides making proper selling to pull foreign patients to the state. Some of the articles in the annotated bibliography high spots about different Fieldss of medical touristry such as alveolar consonant, graft and generative touristry. Dental surgeries are the most expensive 1s among all medical processs. Dental and decorative surgeries are besides non covered by about all the insurance companies. Dental touristry has certain hazards in it as the process is done in episodes that make it hard for foreign patients. But the hazards are negligible while sing the cost and waiting list of dental processs in the developed states. Certain articles have mentioned about the dramatic addition of dental tourers in recent decennary. Two articles in the bibliography are related to transfer touristry and this field of medical touristry has raised a batch of jobs. Transplant touristry trades with organ contribution and many states have rigorous jurisprudence sing contribution of variety meats like kidney. Number of patients in the universe, waiting for variety meats is estimated to be really immense. It is been noted in the article that most of the people in demand of organ travels to topographic points where the jurisprudence and guidelines are weak. In those states, activities such as forced spousal contribution are reported to be really high in figure. The 5th article emphasises about the unethical nature of transplant touristry known as organ trafficking. The research besides mentions the statistical figures of people involved in illegal organ trade. Another field of medical touristry discussed in the research is generative touristry. This is considered to be an uneven portion of medical touristry. Peoples pursue generative touristry chiefly because those sorts of interventions are against the moral values of their ain state and will be unavailable. Peoples will hold different positions on it and these positions and values affect the sustainability of generative touristry The 7th article trades with a signifier of traditional medical touristry known as ayurvedic touristry. Ayurvedic touristry is said to be the cardinal component of touristry industry in India. The geographics of Kerala, the south western province of India along with the pattern of Ayurveda creates a roar in the touristry market in India. This article even shows the nexus of medical touristry with civilizations and tradition. Medical touristry is even linked with the geographics of topographic points. Articles have mentioned that infirmaries in some states use the beauty of its beaches as selling scheme of medical touristry in that state. In such instances, people can bask the natural beauty along with the medical intervention. The research besides mentions about the function of engineering such as telemedicine in conveying an impact on the sustainability of medical touristry. Telemedicine is good for medical touristry in many ways and it has the capableness of hiking up the medical touristry market. But in many ways it can be a menace every bit good, particularly when people experience a low quality telemedicine before the circuit. Finally, the research discusses about the hazard and danger associated with medical touristry. Medical malpractices and carelessness are common issues in medical industry everyplace around the Earth. The impacts of these issues get strengthen as patients travel a long manner to far off states. But the research even references that bigger infirmaries would ne'er wish to free their name and repute and hence they would ever seek to maintain away the hazards associated.Decision:The articles about medical touristry, its assorted Fieldss, different facets, links with other signifiers of touristry and engineering etc has been discussed in the annotated bibliography. This makes merely a few articles sing medical touristry and there are batch of other articles that does a deep research on it. An overview of the topic can be obtained from the research made. From the articles it is clear that medical touristry has made itself large in the touristry industry in certain developing states. There are batch of positive every bit good as negative facets associated with it. But as a whole, it can be concluded that medical touristry is a sustainable signifier of touristry. Some recommendations can be made to better on certain issues: Organ trafficking is an unethical issue that keeps increasing along with the publicity of transplant touristry. All states should beef up their Torahs to cut down the illegal trade of variety meats. Medical suppliers should ever esteem the moral values of states where the patients come from. Generative touristry is one such field of medical touristry in which batch of processs are against moral values and moralss. Hospitals should seek to protect those values. Use of telemedicine can convey a positive every bit good as negative impact on medical touristry as discussed in the article. Care must be taken while using the telemedicine staffs. Well qualified physicians and nurses should be employed as it plays a large function in the class of intervention. The effects of medical malpractices and carelessness are really large as it deals with life of human. Peoples travel long distances with tonss of outlook. Articles have mentioned about physicians executing unwanted surgeries for money. Government should make ways to command such illegal activities as it is non easy for the patients to action foreign physicians if such things happen.